Hardware-Electronic product solution company-Electronic and electrical product development-Bluetooth design-S

Hardware

07-05

2021

Embedded system hardware and software

With the development of computer technology, the application fields of embedded systems are constantly expanding, ranging from automatic navigation systems of space shuttles to mobile phones and smart home appliances. Embedded system is a typical hybrid system of software and hardware, and current products generally include embedded microprocessor and corresponding control software.1. Introduction to the collaborative development of embedded systems and hardware and softwareEarly microprocessors were both 4-bit and 8-bit. With the continuous development of manufacturing technology, integrated 8-bit microcontrollers began to appear, and 16-bit microprocessors began to be used in more complex embedded systems, 32-bit structured devices and highly integrated microcontrollers gradually occupied market for high-end applications. Still, more powerful microprocessors did not replace earlier microprocessors, but simply gave embedded system designers a wider range of choices in choosing the right microprocessor based on functionality, features, availability, and price. processor products.In the early days, due to the single function of the system, the embedded software part was composed of codes independently designed by the manufacturer, so it was very simple. However, with the expansion of applications, the system becomes more and more complex, especially for high-end embedded microprocessor systems, multi-task models are widely used in software development, and many manufacturers also choose third-party commercial embedded real-time operating system products ( RTOS). The hardware resource environment in embedded systems is generally harsh, and the memory is generally not large. To complete complex functions under such tight resources, it is required that the software part of the embedded system must be as compact, stable and efficient as possible.2.The general method of software and hardware joint designThe software-hardware joint design method is proposed in the design process of the software-hardware hybrid digital system, aiming at the defect that the traditional design method separates the software and hardware development process. It means that the software and hardware use a unified design method and adopt a consistent Design tools for synthesis, verification, and simulation of design methods.The main steps of the software-hardware joint design are as follows: (1) System-level modeling description: build a complete system description to verify the behavior of the system without considering the implementation details, driving functional verification and hardware-software partition; (2) Combined hardware and software synthesis: including software and hardware partitioning and scheduling, constrained code generation, hardware and interface synthesis. (3) Software-hardware joint simulation, debugging and verification: Model the behavior of the system on the basis of the known behavior of software and hardware components, and verify the function of the system and evaluate the performance of the system.3. The application and development of software and hardware joint design methodAs mentioned earlier, an embedded system is a typical mixed system of hardware and software. At the beginning of the design, the designer needs to divide the system into hardware and software. The software and hardware here can be not only separate components, but also different abstraction levels of the same physical component. In both cases, the interdependencies between hardware and software lead to compromises in their respective implementation methods. At the same time, due to the great changes in the application requirements of embedded systems and the strong requirements for performance, real-time and flexibility, the initial design and division have a great impact on the design quality of the entire system; and due to the complexity of high-end products, many problems in the It will be exposed during the software and hardware integration process. All of these put forward the demand for joint synthesis and joint simulation. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent to introduce the method of joint design of software and hardware in the design of embedded systems.From the perspective of methodology, the joint design of software and hardware of embedded systems follows the above general methods and rules. With the development of microelectronics technology and embedded system itself, its design method will show some new characteristics.1. Software and hardware divisionLike the design of other mixed hardware and software systems, hardware and software partitioning is a very critical step in embedded system design. How to improve the efficiency of the partition algorithm and reduce the time complexity is the focus of research. Existing research results have improved the effectiveness of partitioning from many aspects. In addition to the most basic simulated annealing algorithm, methods based on compiler guidance, graph-based minimum cost algorithm, software and hardware pipeline, and interactive partitioning have also been proposed.2. The impact of standardization and high integration of commercial components on software and hardware designWith the development of microelectronics technology, more standard commercial components are put on the market, while highly integrated devices reduce the number of chips. Many designers are now more than happy to use microprocessors and microcontrollers that incorporate more functionality. Correspondingly, the design of the software has also changed. The workload of software development has increased dramatically, often reaching 70% to 80% of all work. In order to shorten the development cycle, along with the trend of hardware standardization, the software content has also shifted from self-designed to using products with intellectual property rights as much as possible. Utilizing portable code and standard real-time operating system has become the direction of designing embedded system application software. Of course, for embedded system developers, decisions involving the integration of standard components and the selection of intellectual property are also complex decisions that must be faced now and in the future.From the above changes, it can be seen that with the increasing abundance of standardized software and hardware components, the granularity of software and hardware division in embedded system design increases, so that the system description is relatively clear, the software and hardware design work is significantly simplified, and more emphasis is placed on interface design. And overall performance, design space flexibility and diversity are greatly increased. These changes have put forward new requirements for existing design methods and related technologies, such as how to refine the partition algorithm so that it does not need to consider unnecessary details, and further improve the abstraction level of joint simulation and verification, shorten the development cycle, etc. question.3. "United" and "decentralized" in embedded system designIn the traditional design method, the software design often lags behind the hardware, and the joint simulation technology and virtual prototype technology adopted in the software-hardware joint design method are just to make up for this gap. Therefore, software and hardware design engineers work together to become A trend of development. Through co-design, and specifically co-verification techniques, software engineers are able to test on real hardware as early as possible, and hardware engineers are able to verify their designs early in the prototyping cycle. To achieve this goal, an integrated development environment must be provided, in which software and hardware modeling, joint simulation and evaluation can be completed. Some solutions exist, such as instruction set emulators and standard low-cost commercial evaluation boards. In addition, low-cost master-target computer connection technology has been widely used.Another feature of the development of embedded systems is that more and more developers are needed. In order to effectively manage the development team, some proprietary technologies must be encapsulated so that they can be used by non-specialists in a safe, reliable and straightforward manner. Therefore, object-oriented thinking should also be introduced in the design of embedded systems. In many large companies, the software development team is not simply growing, but is being dispersed, with members working in different regions or countries. This situation has led to the emergence of "Technology Centers" where the use of "Software Parts" is becoming more and more realistic.4. Brief introduction of software and hardware collaboration in SOPC embedded systemWith the rapid development of semiconductor technology, the scale of integrated circuits continues to increase, and the emergence of large-scale programmable logic devices makes it possible to integrate the entire system on a single chip and realize in-system programming. This is the on-chip programmable system SOPC (System on a Programmable Chip). It supports parallel SOPC technology with flexible design methods: it can be cut, expanded, and upgraded, and it has in-system programmable functions of software and hardware.FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array, Field Programmable Gate Array)-based SOPC design has shown rapid growth in the semiconductor field in recent years and has become the first choice for system-level designers. However, as the system scale continues to The increase makes the design of the whole system very difficult, and the system development cycle is getting longer and longer, and today's embedded electronic products are very sensitive to the system development cycle, so a fast and efficient design method is worth exploring and research question. For these problems in embedded system design, the researchers proposed a new method of software-hardware co-design.SOPC system is a complex of software and hardware. Many functional modules in the system can be completed by hardware or software. Hardware implementation is characterized by high performance and speed, but high cost and poor flexibility; while software implementation is characterized by good flexibility and low cost, but poor performance. Therefore, how to take into account the system's function and performance (such as power consumption, cost, area, etc.) requirements in the design and implementation process so that they can achieve an optimal combination is the main problem to be solved by the software-hardware co-design method.5. Traditional electronic design methodsAt present, domestic and foreign enterprises generally adopt the traditional embedded system design method. The steps of this method are to first define the requirements description of the system, and then divide the software and hardware of the system. After the division is completed, the hardware and software design will be carried out separately. If errors are found in the hardware and software design, it will directly return to the software and hardware. division.The disadvantages of this approach are as follows:1) The parallelism between software design and hardware design of the system is low, and the design cycle is long. This design flow uses the hardware design first, followed by the software design. That is, after the hardware is designed, the software is designed on the basis of the hardware. In this serialized design method, when the hardware design is completed and the software is debugged, if an error is found in the hardware design, it will cost a lot of manpower and material resources to correct the error. The software and hardware of the system cannot be co-verified, which leads to a substantial increase in the number of repetitive design tasks and increases the design cost.2) The level of system design is low. System-level design relies on manual work. The large-scale design exceeds the ability of designers. The development process of system software and hardware lacks communication and coordination, resulting in a decrease in design efficiency.3) It does not support customized embedded processors, which are fixed modules and do not support design reusability.6. Characteristics of software and hardware co-design methodBecause of these shortcomings of traditional embedded system design methods, people began to explore new design methods to adapt to the high-speed development of embedded systems, this method is the software-hardware co-design method. As early as 1993, it has become a research direction and hotspot in the field of system-level design in embedded systems.The characteristics of the software-hardware co-design method are as follows:1) The software-hardware collaborative design technology adopts the idea of parallel design and collaborative design, which shortens the design and development cycle and greatly improves the design efficiency.2) Software-hardware collaborative design adopts a unified tool and representation method, reasonably divides software and hardware, allocates system functions reasonably, weighs cost, performance, power consumption and other aspects, and obtains the most optimized design as much as possible.3) Software-hardware co-design adopts the method of software-hardware co-simulation to conduct global design verification on the whole system.Software-hardware co-design has greatly improved the abstraction level of the design, and broadened the coverage of the design. It can make the design of embedded systems more efficient and faster. Software-hardware co-design is a new design method and idea. It is not just a design technology, it is to link the design of software and hardware, so as to avoid the premature independence of these two parts of design. Software-hardware co-design technology is now in the development stage, and many theories are not yet mature. However, this technology has greatly improved the design efficiency of embedded systems, and has great research value and social significance.7. The development process of software and hardware co-designThe main tasks of embedded system design include: system task description, system modeling, used to realize the functional requirements of the system; appropriate software and hardware division of the system to meet performance requirements, reduce cost and power consumption; system synergy And simulate the system implementation and specification. The purpose of software-hardware co-design is to make the various influencing factors of the system coordinate with each other to complete the system function.1. System task descriptionTo design an SOPC system, the first step is to clarify the requirements of the system, that is, the performance of the system and the functions to be realized, and then to model the system. The models of SOPC system mainly include finite state machine model, data flow graph model, task flow graph model, discrete event model, Petri net model and so on. Establish a common system function description method for software and hardware to solve the problem of unified description of the system. At present, the method of system description language is usually used. In this way, after the software and hardware are divided, it can be compiled and mapped into a hardware description language and a software implementation language, which provides a strong guarantee for the system's software and hardware to work together.2. System hardware and software divisionIn the traditional embedded design method, the development process of software and hardware is separated, and there is a lack of communication between them. This makes the design efficiency of the system very low. Aiming at this shortcoming, a method of software-hardware co-design is proposed. In this method, the division of software-hardware system is one of the key steps in software-hardware co-design. The hardware implementation part of the system has a decisive effect on the performance of the system. Usually, the hardware implementation part is faster, but cost control also plays a decisive role in this part. The software implementation part of the system usually has great flexibility, which determines the flexibility of the system configuration, but it takes a certain amount of FPGA logic units and takes a certain amount of time. As shown in Table 1. Table 1 points out whether the system is implemented by hardware or software, which affects the chip area, power consumption, performance, and manpower and time resource requirements. A reasonable software-hardware co-design scheme plays an important role in the design of embedded systems. Reasonable division of software and hardware, on the basis of satisfying system functions, can give full play to the characteristics of fast hardware processing and flexible software control.Influence factors of software and hardware design on the systemThe result of the software and hardware division is to improve the system speed, reduce the area, reduce the cost and reduce the power consumption. However, software and hardware partitioning is usually a traditional problem. Since the partitioning problem itself is very difficult, and SOPC has a huge search space, the situation is even more severe. Today's automatic partitioning algorithms still cannot replace experienced designers. The method of division basically starts from two aspects: one is software-oriented, and the requirements of timing are met from software to hardware; the other is hardware-oriented, and costs are reduced from hardware to software. When dividing, it is necessary to consider various factors such as the architecture, granularity, and cost of hardware and software implementation of the entire target system. After the division is completed, the divided interface of the software and hardware system is generated, which is provided to the software and hardware for communication, verification and testing. Commonly used software and hardware cooperative partition algorithms include simulated annealing algorithm and genetic algorithm. The genetic algorithm and the simulated annealing algorithm are relatively complementary. The genetic annealing algorithm formed by combining the two algorithms will inherit the advantages of the two, and the performance in the division of software and hardware is very good. Now this intelligent algorithm is a software It is a research hotspot in the field of hardware partitioning algorithm.3. Software and hardware synergy synthesis stepsAfter the software and hardware division is completed, the design and implementation of the software system and hardware system are carried out respectively. The stage of designing the partitioned system is called synthesis. The main task of this step is to convert the description of the partitioned system into a synthesizable hardware description and a compilable software program. Build a design translation process that includes implementation structure descriptions for software and hardware. For example, the divided description can be translated into Verilog HDL (hardware module) and C (software module). Software-hardware co-synthesis consists of the following three steps:1) Allocation of processing units, which determines which processors, DSPs, and special hardware and other architecture-level units of the embedded system are composed;2) Task assignment, which determines which functions in the system are implemented by the hardware processing unit, and which functions are implemented by the processor using software;3) Task scheduling, which determines the start time and execution sequence of tasks assigned to each processing unit.4. Software and hardware co-simulationSoftware-hardware co-simulation verification is an evaluation stage for the correctness of the entire system design and the determination of performance indicators. In each stage of embedded system design, simulation verification can be divided into system-level simulation, behavior-level simulation, register transfer level (RTL level) simulation and gate-level simulation. System-level simulation is generally used to evaluate the overall function of the system and verify the correctness of the algorithm; behavior-level simulation can simulate the designed logic, but does not consider the characteristics of the target device, such as capacity, delay, etc., behavior Level simulation can use advanced statements, such as error statements, file read and write statements, floating point format, etc., but these statements are usually not implemented in the target device; register transfer level simulation checks whether the logic functions of each module are correct, and then , integrate the simulated modules together, and perform functional simulation of the entire system. The simulation at this stage does not include the time information of the hardware circuit, so the design can only be verified from the logic function; the gate-level simulation will use Synthesize the gate-level netlist generated after software synthesis or the gate-level model generated after implementation for simulation, without adding the simulation of the delay file.Typical hardware-software co-simulation is usually run under Quartus II under the development environment of CPLD or FPGA. If some resources such as the IP core used by the system have been independently verified, the simulation verification of its gate level or RTL level can be omitted.8.Embedded system hardware and software collaborative design summaryThe software-hardware collaborative design method based on SOPC can grasp the complex system macroscopically, overcome the shortcomings of traditional design methods, fully tap the synergy between software and hardware, correctly divide the software and hardware of the system, and select the appropriate IP, establish a system design platform and verification platform, promote parallel development of software and hardware, reduce design risk, shorten the development cycle, and play an important role in the design of embedded systems. With the support of logic design and EDA tools, SOPC-based software-hardware co-design technology plays an increasingly important role in the design of embedded application systems, and will be the core technology in the field of IP-SOPC design in the future.Embedded system has strong vitality, broad market and far-reaching application prospect make its development change with each passing day. In order to develop various embedded applications more quickly and effectively, it is of great academic and commercial value to study software-hardware co-design methods. Technologies such as system modeling, software and hardware division, and virtual prototypes are still key issues in embedded system design, and are constantly supplemented and developed with the development of microelectronics technology and computing technology.The above is the joint design method of software and hardware for embedded systems introduced by Shenzhen Zuchuang Microelectronics Co., Ltd. for you. If you have software and hardware function development needs for smart electronic products, you can rest assured to entrust them to us. We have rich experience in customized development of electronic products, and can evaluate the development cycle and IC price as soon as possible, and can also calculate PCBA quotations. We are a number of chip agents at home and abroad, including MCU, voice IC, Bluetooth IC and modules, wifi modules. We have hardware design and software development capabilities. Covering circuit design, PCB design, single-chip microcomputer development, software custom development, APP custom development, WeChat official account development, voice recognition technology, Bluetooth wifi development, etc. It can also undertake the research and development of smart electronic products, the design of household appliances, the development of beauty equipment, the development of Internet of Things applications, the design of smart home solutions, the development of TWS solutions, the development of Bluetooth audio, the development of children's toys, and the development of electronic education products.
07-04

2021

Electronic product hardware design

Electronic products have penetrated into people's lives and become an irreplaceable and important life tool. Based on the needs of the times, the requirements for electronic products are getting higher and higher. How to speed up the improvement of the practicability of electronic products and how to improve their core in the market Competitiveness has become an important issue that practitioners in the electronic product industry need to solve urgently. But at the same time, the practicability of electronic products is closely related to its hardware design. Therefore, the exploration of the practicability of electronic products requires an in-depth analysis from the hardware design of electronic products.1. Analysis of hardware design of electronic productsFor the market and users of electronic products, the competitive conditions can be roughly divided into hardware design content and external design image. Based on a certain premise, hardware design conditions often directly determine the practical value of electronic products, and when users choose electronic products, they also choose products with higher cost performance among different hardware designs based on personal needs. This shows that hardware design is very important for electronic products. Product development has played a crucial role.In our country, the hardware design of electronic products can often be directly linked to the production cost of the enterprise. The impact of changes in market competition. Taking mobile phones as an example, when two mobile phones are comparable in external conditions, users will often make purchase decisions based on the performance of the mobile phone, and high-quality performance is the guarantee of high sales, and high-quality performance can also promote other manufacturers. Improve your own design to strive for more market share, thus forming a healthy competitive environment.2. The process of hardware designCombined with the above analysis of the importance of hardware design for electronic products, some other questions we need to understand are, what is the specific process of hardware design? What factors make up hardware design that make it such an important part? In view of the above problems, this article will conduct an in-depth analysis by introducing three aspects: preparatory work, schematic diagram drawing, PCB diagram drawing and related component installation.1. Preparatory work on hardware designIf the quality of hardware design is the key to the formation of core competitiveness of electronic products in the market, then the preparatory work for hardware design of electronic products is an important basis for the development of work for hardware design. The preparatory work of the hardware design is mainly related to project planning and corresponding preparatory work, that is, the project is divided into several areas according to different categories, and different areas are set up according to modules. It is worth noting that the components or other devices selected in the module erection should be based on the drawings, and the mainstream components with a longer service life and longer service life should be used as much as possible. After the erection is completed according to the drawings, the test should be carried out to ensure normal operation, and relevant Record the work for future review or return receipt. The importance of preparatory work in the early stage is not only reflected in its basicity, but also in that it needs to serve the follow-up work well. The preparatory work in the early stage directly determines whether the later work can be carried out normally, so it is extremely important.2. About the drawing work of the schematic diagramThe packaging of components is based on the drawing of the schematic diagram, and the drawing of the schematic diagram needs to rely on the preparatory work in the early stage, which is interlocking. When drawing the schematic diagram, first draw the schematic diagram of the functional block according to the different circuits and components in different areas, then mark it, and start packaging after confirming that it is correct. The drawing of the schematic diagram is the core work of the hardware design of electronic products, and it also plays a role as a link between the past and the future. Based on the drawing of the schematic diagram, it is possible to analyze the entire design, find problems and mistakes in time and modify them. It can be said that the drawing of the schematic diagram It directly reflects whether the functionality of the hardware design of electronic products is good or not, and needs to be highly valued.3. About drawing PCB diagramThe drawing of the PCB diagram is the last step in the hardware design process, and it is also the final step based on the improvement of the previous work. After completing the drawing of the schematic diagram, the component package in the schematic diagram is imported into the PCB diagram, and then the components are placed.In this process, special attention should be paid to the placement order of components, the connection between components, and the actual related layout. After ensuring that the drawing size and position are accurate, the hardware design work is completed. It is worth mentioning that it is necessary to try to avoid overlapping in the connection relationship, which will directly affect the design requirements of the hardware design. Different electronic products have different requirements, and as the last step, it should be checked as a whole to avoid omissions.3. Application of electronic product hardware designMobile phones, computers, cameras and other electronic products have become an inseparable part of people's lives. The application and practicality of electronic product hardware design can bring users the most intuitive feeling. It is not difficult to infer that the sales of the product itself will also Therefore, how to improve the practicability of products based on the application of hardware design has become a key issue.1. Miniature electronic devicesRegarding the discussion of microelectronic devices, the author takes integrated circuits as an example. Integrated circuits are relatively small in size, light in weight, low in cost, and simple in structure. They meet the low energy consumption and high reliability requirements of current electronic products, and are one of the development directions of electronic products based on the development of the times. As far as integrated circuits are concerned, they can be seen not only in civilian electronic products, such as computers, televisions, etc., but also in military and communication fields. Due to the advantages and distribution density of integrated circuits, the equipment's Stability has come a long way, so it stands out both in terms of advancing electronic components and increasing the usability of products.2. Application of memory devicesThe application of the memory device actually refers to the application of the memory. The memory is an important part of the computer. The data can be stored and extracted through the memory, and then the data can be used. Memory is not only used in computers. Based on the development needs of the current era, almost all electronic products will use memory. So far, memory devices are roughly divided into two categories. One is ROM-based memory, which is for the system The program performs storage functions, and the other type is data-based storage.4. Design for improving the practicability of electronic productsAfter a brief introduction to the application of hardware design in electronic products, it is necessary to explore how to improve the practicability of the product. Taking mobile phones as an example, during the use of mobile phones, the practicability of mobile phones is directly related to the hardware design of mobile phones. Such as: product wear and tear, that is, the service life and fluency problems in the service life, and functional wear and tear, that is, to ensure its timely maintenance performance when there is a problem with the product components during use. Based on these two points, the continuous improvement of the practicality of electronic products can be fully guaranteed.1. Component wear and fluencyDuring the use of electronic products, it is inevitable that due to the age of use, frequency of use, use environment or other factors, the components of electronic products will be worn out. The wear and tear of components may directly damage the smoothness of use of electronic products or increase their failure. probability, thereby reducing product practicability. Therefore, in the hardware design of electronic products, the first thing to consider based on practicability is the wear and tear of the hardware design of electronic products, and evaluate the wear and tear of the current components through the existing loss values, and carry out the overall mechanism design on this basis Adjust and design components that can replace existing components and reduce loss values, and bring good experience to users on the basis of improving practicability.Taking mobile phones as an example, after one to two years of use, there will be problems such as slow start-up of clicking software, slow switching of screens, or unsmooth operation processes. As a result, the replacement speed of mobile phones is accelerated. In the process of being eliminated too quickly, the ultimate loss is the enterprise itself. Only a good user experience can retain users for a long time, and wear and tear are inevitable. Reduce the loss value so that wear and tear will appear later or parts can be used. Replacement is the key. Only by fundamentally satisfying the practical needs of users for products can enterprises win market reputation and achieve long-term development.2. Repairability of components based on wear and tearTo put it simply, maintainability means that when the components in electronic products are worn out, they can be repaired and replaced in time to continue the use of electronic products and improve the practicability of the products. When enterprises design the hardware of electronic products, they must take this into consideration. For hardware design components, choose a combination of components that are portable or can be integrated as much as possible, and improve the convenience of electronic product functions under hardware design. After the hardware design, appearance and fluency of electronic products reach a certain standard, we provide maintenance services for component wear and tear caused by long-term use of electronic products.Taking a computer as an example, during the use of the computer year after year, it is inevitable that hardware components will be worn out. When the problem occurs, the user cannot replace or use other computers based on the importance of the files in the computer memory. The computer is repaired so that the computer can continue to provide services, and the component loss is generally caused by the aging of the components. During the maintenance process, attention should be paid to selecting the appropriate electronic components that can be replaced, which must conform to the design of the original electronic product hardware design The concept must also meet the needs of the continuous use of current electronic products, and avoid problems that may occur after replacing electronic components, such as long-term overheating of the fuselage and serious decline in product fluency.5. Summary of hardware development technology for electronic productsNo matter how convenient and rapid the development of technology is, the practicability of electronic products is always the core competitiveness of electronic products. Only by improving the practicability of products and meeting the needs of users in many ways can we occupy a place in the electronic product market. As an enterprise, we should not only see the petty profits in front of us, we must start to provide after-sales protection of the practicability of electronic products in terms of component wear and maintenance, and at the same time, fully consider all aspects in the original electronic product hardware design. Factors, fundamentally improve its practicality. It is hoped that the relevant workers can continue to explore in depth on this basis, and put forward more constructive suggestions and opinions for improving the practicability of electronic products.The above are the details of hardware design technology of electronic products introduced by Shenzhen Zuchuang Microelectronics Co., Ltd. for you. If you have software and hardware function development needs for smart electronic products, you can rest assured to entrust them to us. We have rich experience in customized development of electronic products, and can evaluate the development cycle and IC price as soon as possible, and can also calculate PCBA quotations. We are a number of chip agents at home and abroad, including MCU, voice IC, Bluetooth IC and modules, wifi modules. We have hardware design and software development capabilities. Covering circuit design, PCB design, single-chip microcomputer development, software custom development, APP custom development, WeChat official account development, voice recognition technology, Bluetooth wifi development, etc. It can also undertake the research and development of smart electronic products, the design of household appliances, the development of beauty equipment, the development of Internet of Things applications, the design of smart home solutions, the development of TWS solutions, the development of Bluetooth audio, the development of children's toys, and the development of electronic education products.
07-03

2021

Intel Hardware Design Flow

Intel Embedded Platform Hardware Design Process GuideWith the rapid development of technology, how to quickly provide complete solutions is becoming the main challenge for modern high-tech enterprises. This requires the development team to conduct detailed research and deeply understand the actual needs, and conduct demand analysis, such as product performance indicators, product function requirements, testing and certification requirements, project cost objectives, etc., to further clarify the design tasks. Intel's product line is relatively extensive. According to design tasks and requirements, learn platform materials for evaluation. When designing a reliable, reasonable, and economically feasible solution, special attention must be paid to the compliance of various functional parameters of the Intel platform with actual needs. For details, please refer to Intel product documentation.1. Intel Platform Documentation Terminology1.1 External Design Specification EDS (External Design Specification)This design document contains information on the use and implementation of the platform support reference design to help customers design products using Intel. Also includes performance metrics or design information for system designs using specific Intel components, as well as Intel processor cores, graphics, memory controllers, bus signal descriptions, system memory matching, number of bus interfaces, electrical characteristics, packaging information, clock distribution , the voltage requirements of the chip, and specific information such as power-on sequence and input/output interface.1.2 Platform Design Guide PDG (P1atformDeSignGuide)Design Guides contain information to support the use and implementation of reference designs to assist customers designing with Intel products. Also includes design information and design recommendations for PCB board layout and board-level system design using specific Intel components, specific to the wiring and routing recommendations for each interface of the CPU and chip, such as DDR topology, DMI, DDI, DSI , SATA, PCIe, USB, etc.; the Design Guide will also include design guidelines for power distribution and power-on sequence in the platform, as well as detailed specifications and requirements for PCB stacking, wiring, interfaces, equal lengths, and vias.1.3 Customer Reference Design Schematic CRB (Customer Reference Board Schematic)The customer reference board schematic diagram describes the characteristics of a complete Intel product, including the schematic design of a specific product customer reference board, which will connect the various bus interfaces of the Intel corresponding platform, and the system functions can be realized through debugging, including the system frame diagram , power supply scheme, clock, platform power-on sequence, power management, detailed schematic diagram implementation to specific component connections, etc.1.4 Customer Reference Design Layout Document (Customer Reference Board fi1e)The customer reference board layout file is a layout file designed for the target system. In one-to-one correspondence with the customer reference design schematic, use the reference customer reference board user guide, customer reference test plan, and customer reference system design.1.5 Platform layout checklist (Layout check 1ist)The layout checklist is an important part of reviewing the design guide and implementing a system layout design. It is used together with the relevant platform design guide from the overall situation to the details. Each specific bus interface has detailed requirements and instructions, such as high-speed bus Wiring, number of vias, clock distribution, characteristic impedance, length limit, etc. Check possible problem points to enhance the stability of the motherboard.1.6 Schematic design check listThe schematic diagram checklist is a list and list of items that need to be reviewed in the product design schematic diagram, the recommended design and guidance of the schematic diagram, and the wiring differences and problems between the self-examination and the CRB schematic diagram. Check the connection of the peripheral signals of the chip, the connection of the high-speed signal, the power supply status, the clock distribution, and the shielding precautions of the unused bus interface. It is often used in conjunction with the external design specification EDS in the schematic design.2. Intel project design process2.1 Intel project design preliminary preparationIn the early stage of actual project design, it is necessary to conduct demand analysis and clarify development tasks. Designers need to contact Intel's technical support engineers in time to understand the product roadmap, and discuss the chip solution of the platform based on the actual needs of the project; the types of debugging tools and use documents in the development and debugging phase, and clarify the project development plan and timetable; apply for Intel CRB simultaneously The reference design board is debugged and evaluated in advance to shorten the production and development cycle and obtain Intel's technical support and design resources in advance. Of course, in the process of referring to the characteristic indicators of EDS and other documents, it is also necessary to conduct preliminary product software implementation feasibility studies, such as discussing SW development and design with BIOS/OSV manufacturers, MCU implementation and system cooperation, and OS and driver function implementation. , the choice of system cooling scheme, etc. Combined with the project requirements, start to prepare design documents and design schemes. It is necessary to design the system architecture first, draw a system block diagram and discuss the implementation with relevant design departments, sort out the conceptual block diagram of power distribution, clock, power-on sequence, reset, interrupt, debugging, etc. , combined with the Intel platform customer reference design schematic diagram CRB, from device selection and unit scheme realization to the formulation of the overall scheme. It is necessary to refer to documents such as PDG, EDS, and CRB, and pay special attention to the operating voltage, operating frequency, system timing, and overall power consumption of the chip to meet the system design requirements.2.2 Intel hardware schematic diagram drawing stageIn the schematic diagram drawing stage, first refer to the Intel chip library file to ensure that the layout of the schematic diagram is clear and reasonable, and the layout is evenly arranged. Learn the descriptions of each group of signals in the EDS document: system memory, bus interface, electrical characteristics, and power-on sequence (this is the platform The important foundation of power-on design), consult relevant information from EDS, and refer to CRB to define the power-on sequence of the project platform according to the timing requirements of the main functional modules of the platform; secondly, combined with project functional requirements, refer to intel CRB Schematic design, pay special attention to power distribution, clock arrangement, high-speed signal connection, etc. After the first draft of the schematic is drawn, it needs to be carefully combined with Intel's schematic design check list to check for error-prone places, especially DDR, PCIe , USB, DDI and other high-speed signals; then, hardware developers need to discuss and prepare the BIOS/Boot loader program with SW colleagues in time, so as to make full preparations for the first version of proofing and trial production. Of course, selecting and drawing other components is also an important part, and it is necessary to fully consider the convenience of post-processing and production process and the substitution of components. You can apply for Intel technical support personnel to review the project schematic diagram at the same time. Combined with the inspection results, convene a schematic design team for final discussion and modification, and meet customer functional requirements such as function, performance, and redundancy design. Specs and standards and indicators of the Intel platform Conformity, and the manufacturability, debuggability, testability of the factory, etc., the final modification is determined.2.3 Intel PCB layout design stageIn the layout and PCB design stage, it is necessary to cooperate with the organization/ID/EMI/RF/Power/thermal team in time to discuss the placement of the main chips to meet the design requirements of the overall project plan. First, combined with the PCB stack structure, calculate whether the width of the PCB traces of each group of high-speed signals can be smooth, discuss the position of the power supply device and the placement of sensitive components, and generate a formal design document: pay attention to the I/0 interface, temperature, and clock elements. The focus of the discussion on device location and height-limited area is second. When drawing the PCB layout, it is necessary to choose a reasonable stack-up design, arrange the main components evenly, and make the high-speed signal wiring smooth; special attention should be paid to the shielding of interference sources and sensitive signals. The power supply of functional modules should be relatively isolated; pay attention to the wiring distribution of high-speed signals and power supplies to avoid mutual interference; reasonably plan the layout of power supply modules and power supply distribution paths, and increase the width of power supply lines as much as possible according to the current size of the printed circuit board. reduce loop resistance. The length of high-speed signal traces must comply with the Intel specification, and the actual length on the PCB needs to be filled in to check the trace length in the equal length table. Reasonably plan the reference plane and power plane of high-speed signals, pay special attention to the wiring of high-speed signals such as DDR, DMI, DDI, DSI, SATA, PCIE, USB, etc., to avoid signal interference and interference effects; increase the gap between high-speed signals and analog signals Distance, increasing the distance between signal lines as much as possible can effectively reduce capacitive crosstalk; the loop area should be minimized to reduce inductive crosstalk. In the design of the ground wire, pay attention to the noise interference of the digital ground to the analog ground, the digital ground and the analog ground can be separated, the ground wire should be as thick as possible, and the ground wire of the digital circuit system forms a closed loop, which can improve the anti-noise ability. Pay attention to the signal impedance matching of signal integrity, uniform line width, and reasonable line spacing; avoid impedance discontinuity of transmission lines, reduce the use of stub lines, etc. Sensitive signal traces such as analog signals, clock signals, and temperature signals should be kept as short as possible and kept away from interference sources such as power supplies. The number and distribution of vias are reasonable, especially the number of vias for high-speed signals does not exceed the requirements, you can refer to CRB layout file, layout check list and PDG. Comply with the Intel reference design document PDG, so that the power distribution is reasonable, the clock routing is appropriate, and the high-speed signals such as DDR are not affected or affected; in the later stage, carefully check one by one with the layout checklist, especially high-speed signals, etc. Length, power supply, EMI countermeasures and other parts. When approaching the early stage of board release, Intel professional engineers can be invited to conduct simultaneous inspections. After receiving feedback results, a layout inspection meeting will be held in a timely manner. After discussions and revisions, formal design documents will be produced for release and production.2.4 Intel PCB production stageDuring PCB production, it is necessary to check the bill of materials synchronously, coordinate the trial production schedule, prepare the first article test plan, debug tool software, and debug equipment. When the first PCB is received, first conduct the power-related open-short circuit test, and then conduct the power-on test after confirming that it is correct, focusing on checking the power supply timing, clock, reset and other signals, and comparing the power-on timing requirements in the Intel platform EDS, software and hardware development The personnel timely adjust and solve the design that does not meet the requirements of the spec. After the power on is completed, the functional test report and signal integrity test report need to be completed, and then the system power consumption and power quality test, the compatibility of the main components and the system stability are performed. Testing; generate formal test reports and change documents for subsequent traceability of related issues. If necessary, you can seek help from Intel platform application engineers in debugging and verifying the motherboard.2.5 Intel hardware platform debugging stageAccording to the test results after the first trial production, modify the schematic diagram and layout design, further check the accuracy of the upper part of the material, simultaneously solve the problems related to factory production and functional testing, and form a design document: after the second trial production, further verify the system Functional stability, such as high and low temperature, aging, running for a long time and switching on and off multiple times, etc.; solve the concentration problems found by the relevant testing department in a timely manner. After the third boarding, the number of units and the number of times to verify the stability of the system are multiple times, and it is also necessary to improve the production yield before the final mass production of the product, such as simplifying the design, using the arrangement to reduce the number of parts, etc. During the testing and testing process, the concentration problems encountered were resolved until mass production and shipment began.SummarizeThe purpose of Intel's embedded platform design is to make the system equipment achieve the expected functions, and the system can run more stably. This article focuses on the functions and connotations of Intel's main design documents, and solves the problem of X86 development engineers in the process of designing embedded platforms. All kinds of confusion encountered and guidance schemes are given, which can be used in most of the system hardware design process to achieve better project results, which can shorten the time to market and development resources. Of course, in the modern fast-paced product development cycle, the requirements of various projects are also very different. We can choose the key development direction in a targeted manner based on the actual situation.The above is the guidance of the Intel embedded platform hardware design process introduced by Shenzhen Zuchuang Microelectronics Co., Ltd. for you. If you have software and hardware function development needs for smart electronic products, you can rest assured to entrust them to us. We have rich experience in customized development of electronic products, and can evaluate the development cycle and IC price as soon as possible, and can also calculate PCBA quotations. We are a number of chip agents at home and abroad: Songhan, Yingguang, Jieli, Ankai, Quanzhi, realtek, with MCU, voice IC, Bluetooth IC and module, wifi module. We have hardware design and software development capabilities. Covering circuit design, PCB design, single-chip microcomputer development, software custom development, APP custom development, WeChat official account development, voice recognition technology, Bluetooth wifi development, etc. It can also undertake the research and development of smart electronic products, the design of household appliances, the development of beauty equipment, the development of Internet of Things applications, the design of smart home solutions, the development of TWS earphones, the development of Bluetooth earphone speakers, the development of children's toys, and the research and development of electronic education products.
07-02

2021

Circuit Board Diagnostic Repair

The research object of this paper is mainly the circuit board, and the specific maintenance measures can be known through the detailed diagnosis of the common problems of the circuit board. Different fault problems should adopt different maintenance strategies accordingly. In fact, through a comprehensive analysis of electronic equipment circuit board failures, we can clearly understand that timely operation and maintenance of equipment is very necessary. With the help of the following measures, the quality of circuit board work can be effectively improved, and its safety and reliability can also be steadily improved. First, the diagnosis methods in the case of circuit board failure are summarized, including measurement method, elimination method and replacement method. Secondly, the specific maintenance strategies are summarized and summarized, including cleaning and rust removal measures, detecting fuses, detecting components, and finding corrosion points, etc.The innovation of electronic equipment is inseparable from the development of advanced science and technology. With the support of technology, there are various forms of electronic equipment circuit boards, not only in the form of double-sided boards but also in the form of multi-layer boards. In fact, the scientific integration of electrical equipment layout and the mass production of fixed circuits will be affected by its different forms, which have very special practical value. Today's circuit system construction is becoming more and more diversified and intelligent, and it is conceivable that the problem of circuit board failure will gradually increase. In order to ensure that related equipment can serve enterprises or individuals more efficiently, it is necessary to strengthen the operation and maintenance efficiency of vehicles in a timely manner, and solve existing failure problems in a timely manner.1. Overview of common circuit board fault diagnosis methodsWhether it is to replace the circuit board of electronic equipment or perform professional maintenance on it, before taking specific measures, it is first necessary to judge the integrity of the structure in time and accurately judge the fault factors related to the equipment. Therefore, this article summarizes three common and efficient methods of diagnosing faults, and presents their working principles in time.1. About the working principle of the measurement methodWhen carrying out the measurement method, it is first necessary to use a multimeter device to measure the output voltage parameters of the relevant device. On this basis, its failure can be evaluated and determined. Of course, fault diagnosis workers must have a very deep understanding of machinery and equipment, be able to master the corresponding basic knowledge, especially have a very clear understanding of the value range of the device output voltage parameters. After summarizing the practical experience, we can know two different value methods: first, the value range is clarified according to the detailed data provided by the manufacturer. The second is to perform accurate measurements when using the board for the first time, and then use it as baseline data.2. About the working principle of the exclusion methodThe basic principle of the elimination method is now summarized as follows: relevant workers can further determine the main cause of the fault phenomenon based on the operating principle of the circuit board device, and then can adopt simple to complex working principles to eliminate the fault problems one by one. Often times, board failures are found in the last components tested. In fact, the specific fault diagnosis method is based on the path from the mechanical failure of the circuit board connection to the mechanical failure of the circuit board accessory device. Practice has proved that this method of troubleshooting has a very efficient effect. In comparison, the exclusion method has many advantages, such as strong controllability and operability.3. About the working principle of the substitution methodThe so-called replacement method is to replace the circuit board in the same state, so as to compare and detect the fault. In order to achieve a certain economic effect, the common diagnostic work is as follows: Assume that when the mechanical equipment of the same model is running, if it is necessary to diagnose the problem of the circuit board of a certain mechanical equipment, it is necessary to distinguish the circuit board from the normal operation. Replacement of mechanical equipment. Under this operation, assuming that the failure problem still exists after the replacement operation is implemented, it can be concluded that the circuit board has a failure problem at this time.2. Important measures for efficiently repairing circuit board failures1. Timely implement the work content of cleaning and derustingIn fact, it is unavoidable that some substances or adsorptive impurities appear in the circuit board device. However, when these adsorptive substances appear in the circuit board device, it will limit the heat dissipation of related components, and even make the circuit The board is paralyzed. If the circuit board is severely damaged, it will be difficult for the device to continue to operate. Especially when the adhesive dust appears at the corner of the chip, it will make the quality of the chip components not high, and even cause the problem of short circuit on the circuit board. It can be seen that it is very necessary to carry out cleaning and derusting maintenance on the circuit board in time to reduce the interference of adhesive dust on the equipment in time.2. Scientific detection of fuse deviceFor safety reasons, fuse parts are installed in the circuit board assembly. In this way, even when the circuit board passes through high current, it can still protect the components and prevent the components from being damaged. That is to say, during detection, it is also necessary to detect the fuses in the circuit board device in time to grasp the damage status of the fuses. When there is a problem that the fuse is damaged, it must be replaced in time, that is, the fuse of the same type should be used.3. Research on the problem of component damageBefore performing circuit board repair work, the different components must be carefully observed and evaluated based on the observations. Usually there are three types of failures: the first is the crack problem, that is, the circuit board component capacitance becomes larger, and cracks and other phenomena exist at the same time; the second is that the triode is burned, showing a penetrating state. The third is that the resistance element is blown, which cannot achieve timely protection. In response to this phenomenon, it is necessary to replace the device of the same model in time to solve the problem of circuit board failure.4. Detect corrosion spots and virtual welding problemsDue to the existence of manufacturing process factors, it will have a great impact on the internal circuit board device of some mechanical equipment. After a period of operation, there will be a certain degree of virtual welding at the corners of some components. In addition, the circuit board assembly also suffers from corrosion problems under the influence of a humid environment. In fact, the humid environment is not conducive to the normal operation of the circuit board device of electronic equipment, so the operating efficiency of some of its components will be greatly affected. In view of the above problems, it is necessary to implement false welding measures at the location of the fault. At the same time, the maintenance method of secondary connection can also be adopted according to the actual conditions.Nowadays, the level of science and technology in our country has been significantly improved, and there are more and more talents with advanced skills. It can be seen that the speed of my country's modernization development will have a very gratifying improvement. Since the operation effect of the power system is closely related to people's daily life, relevant departments need to strengthen the control of electronic equipment in a timely manner, give full play to the skills and rationale of advanced talents, and improve the effect of circuit board maintenance.The above is the diagnosis and maintenance technology of the circuit board introduced by Shenzhen Zuchuang Microelectronics Co., Ltd. for you. If you have software and hardware function development needs for smart electronic products, you can rest assured to entrust them to us. We have rich experience in customized development of electronic products, and can evaluate the development cycle and IC price as soon as possible, and can also calculate PCBA quotations. We are a number of chip agents at home and abroad, including MCU, voice IC, Bluetooth IC and modules, wifi modules. We have hardware design and software development capabilities. Covering circuit design, PCB design, single-chip microcomputer development, software custom development, APP custom development, WeChat official account development, voice recognition technology, Bluetooth wifi development, etc. It can also undertake the research and development of smart electronic products, the design of household appliances, the development of beauty equipment, the development of Internet of Things applications, the design of smart home solutions, the development of TWS solutions, the development of Bluetooth audio, the development of children's toys, and the development of electronic education products.
07-01

2021

Selection of circuit simulation software

Circuit-level simulation analyzes the performance of circuits composed of electronic components, including logic simulation of digital circuits, AC and DC analysis, time domain and frequency domain analysis of analog circuits, etc. The circuit-level simulation must have the support of the component model library containing PSPICE parameters, and the simulation signal and output data replace the signal source and oscilloscope in the actual circuit debugging. Circuit simulation is mainly to test the correctness of the design scheme in terms of function. Circuit simulation technology makes it possible for engineers to fully understand the various characteristics of circuits before the actual electronic system is produced. Now circuit simulation is also widely used in the teaching of electronics in various schools.There are many types of commercialized circuit simulation software, with different software performance characteristics and application convenience. Choosing the appropriate circuit simulation software according to the needs of engineering and teaching can greatly improve work efficiency and teaching effect.1. Functional characteristics of circuit simulation technologyCircuit simulation has been widely practiced and proved to be a very effective analysis technique, which is adopted by more and more electronic designers. Circuit simulation technology can play a role in the following aspects.1. Verify the electronic circuit designUse circuit simulation technology to quickly simulate and analyze different circuit design schemes to ensure that the design ideas are correct. After the circuit form is determined, sensitivity analysis and tolerance analysis are performed on the circuit component parameters to optimize the circuit parameters and ensure the design quality. Circuit design adopts simulation technology, which can greatly reduce manual labor, shorten design cycle and reduce design cost. For example, there are a large number of complex analyzes in filter design. It will take a lot of time to manually calculate all the data. Using circuit simulation software, results can be obtained within minutes, and the error can be kept within the scope of engineering specifications.Compared with the traditional circuit measurement method, computer simulation can predict the change process and final result of a specific circuit parameter, so that people can have a deep understanding of the change law of circuit performance. For example, how much impact will the error of component parameters have on product performance? Which component error will have the greatest impact on circuit performance? Using Monte Carlo analysis in circuit simulation technology can quickly draw conclusions. Using worst-case analysis, designers can easily test various extreme conditions and observe the response of the circuit under extreme conditions. Sensitivity analysis enables users to determine the proportion of change in circuit performance parameters such as period, gain, or rise time due to design or component parameter changes.Circuit simulation technology is especially advantageous in experimental studies where routine measurements are difficult, especially in destructive experiments in real systems. For example, some electronic designs involve high voltage and high current, incorrect design parameters may cause damage to electronic components and hinder the design process. Circuit simulation used in digital circuits also has the characteristics of high efficiency and high precision. Using simulation technology before building the circuit can avoid all kinds of fatal damage and increase the success rate.As a simulation technique, simulation cannot completely replace the actual measurement of real circuits. However, various parameters produced by simulation have decisive significance in design, and also provide a data basis for physical experiments.2. Auxiliary teaching for electronics majorsElectronics is a highly experimental subject. It is best to study the principles of electronics simultaneously with experiments to deepen perceptual knowledge. Experiments require measuring instruments and electronic components. When limited by objective conditions, it is an effective method to verify the conclusion of theoretical analysis with circuit simulation. Circuit simulation can record all the data in the analysis, and can easily reproduce various electrical processes, especially some fleeting phenomena. For example, the start-up process of an oscillating circuit is generally only about 1 millisecond. This process cannot be observed on an oscilloscope without a memory function. Using simulation can record the whole process of circuit start-up; for example, circuit simulation software can be used to build various operational circuits and verify the circuit theory of operational amplifiers at any time, which is easier and faster than building experimental circuits. The drawn circuit diagram and the generated simulation curve can be copied to the document, making your experiment report look more convincing.To study electronic circuits, one must not only master the basic principles and calculation methods, but also pay attention to the cultivation of circuit design, analysis and research and development capabilities. It is usually impossible for laboratories to provide the latest devices from various manufacturers in the world. The circuit simulation can be simulated and analyzed using the model of the new device. The application of circuit simulation technology can also design different forms of training such as verification, testing, design and innovation, so as to cultivate students' various abilities.3. Learn electronic engineering measurement technologyMeasurement is one of the fundamental skills in electronics. There are two requirements for electronic measurement: mastering the operation method of electronic instruments and data collection and analysis.In electronic measurement, a variety of signal generators are used: such as high-frequency signal generators, low-frequency signal generators, and function generators. The signals generated by these instruments can be realized in the circuit simulation software: for example, the transient source can generate various signals of the function generator, and the nonlinear controlled source can generate amplitude modulation waves, etc. By setting the signal parameters of the simulation source, the electrical meaning of various waveforms can be deeply understood.In the graphics interface of the simulation software, according to the expectation of the measurement results, the display parameters of the waveform are selected, which is equivalent to adjusting each knob of the electronic instrument. The waveform graph produced by circuit simulation has a larger format and more precise coordinates than the oscilloscope screen. The graph measurement tool of the software can perform various measurements on the signal curve, such as the amplitude, frequency, period, phase of the periodic signal and the rise time of the pulse signal, the overshoot amplitude of the signal, etc. The measurement tool is fully graphical, highly interactive, and can automatically calculate various parameters.Waveform calculators perform mathematical calculations on waveforms. The waveform calculator uses various mathematical symbols and functions to calculate signal data such as average value, differential integral and so on. In most software, using the waveform calculator, complex function expressions can be constructed interactively to generate new waveforms. The measurement results of some simulation software can be marked directly in the chart.Using virtual instruments in some software (such as Multisim) is very helpful to master the performance and operation of real instruments.2. Basic performance of circuit simulation softwareWith the development of microcomputer technology, the level of EDA software based on Windows has been continuously improved. Now there are many different software companies producing circuit simulation products for PC. These products have different technical grades and application positioning. Some software with printed circuit board design as the main application also has embedded simulation components, such as ORCAD's PSPICE, Protel's Simulate, etc. There are many brands dedicated to circuit simulation products, such as Multisim, TINA, ICAP/4, Circuitmaker, and Micro-CAP. Usually these softwares are based on the circuit simulation language PSPICE.The interfaces and functions of various circuit simulation software have their own characteristics, and the display and processing methods of data are also different. The practical value of circuit simulation software can be evaluated from the following four aspects.1. Quantity and performance of simulation projectsThe number of simulation items is the main index of circuit simulation software. The basic analysis functions of various circuit simulation software include static operating point analysis, transient analysis, DC sweep and AC small signal analysis. Other possible analysis functions include: Fourier analysis, parameter analysis, temperature analysis, Monte Carlo analysis, noise analysis, transfer function analysis, DC and AC sensitivity analysis, distortion analysis, pole and zero analysis, etc. Software with fewer simulation functions such as SIMextrix has only 6 items, while TINA has as many as 20 items. There are about 10 simulation functions of Protel, Orcad, P-CAD and other software. Professional circuit simulation software has more simulation functions, and considers the various needs of electronic design and teaching more thoughtfully. For example, the symbolic analysis of TINA, the component parameter variable and optimization analysis of Pspice and ICAP/4, the network analysis and digital circuit simulation of Multisim, and the error setting of CircuitMaker are all quite distinctive functions.The PSPICE language is good at analyzing analog circuits, and the processing of digital circuits is not ideal. Various software solutions are not the same: For example, Protel uses Digital SimCode to describe digital components, and uses XSPICE of Georgia University to process digital simulation. Multisim uses collaborative models of analog and digital devices described in VHDL, Verilog, or C code. For the analysis and simulation of pure digital circuits, it is best to use simulation software based on hardware description languages such as VHDL, such as Altera's programmable logic device development software MAX+plus II.2. Quantity and accuracy of simulation componentsThe quantity and precision of the simulation components in the software component library determine the applicability and accuracy of the simulation. The component library of circuit simulation software has thousands to 10,000 or 20,000 simulation components, but the component models contained in the software always lag behind the development and application of devices. Therefore, in addition to the component library of the software itself, the website of the component manufacturer is an important source of component models. Designers can customize component models according to the external parameters of the latest devices and build their own component libraries. For teaching workers, the component model library of the software can fully meet the needs of conventional teaching.There are two ways to classify components in circuit simulation software: by component types such as power supplies, diodes, and 74 series, into several categories; or by component manufacturers. Most simulation software has previews of circuit graphic symbols for easy access. Each circuit simulation software has simplified the PSPICE model of the components. For example, the resistance model of PSPICE has three temperature coefficients such as first-order, second-order and exponential. Most software only defines the first two temperature parameters, only TINA defines the three temperature parameters of the resistance, and the resistance of Protel does not define the temperature coefficient; for example, the bipolar transistor has 40 PSPICE model parameters, and Multisim specifies all the parameters , TINA also has 32, and Protel has only 22. Therefore, designs that require high simulation accuracy should use high-precision component models, or modify model parameters based on actual components. The method of viewing and modifying component models varies from software to software. Some component model parameters can be modified in the component attribute box, while others need to open a special model parameter file or interface to modify.3. Data display and processing capabilitiesAfter running the simulation, a large amount of circuit data will be obtained. There are two ways to display simulation data: list and graph. For example, after calculating the DC static operating point, Protel displays the node voltage, branch current, component consumption function and equivalent resistance of the power supply in a list; Pspice and MicroCAP can mark the voltage, current and power in the circuit diagram. Transient analysis, DC sweep, and AC small-signal analysis generally display the results as graphs. The graph can be printed or saved as a file in a specific format; some software can save the waveform as a common PWL (expressed in time-electrical quantity pair) format file, or export it to Excel. You can also copy the graph line, paste it into the "Drawing" of Windows, and save it as a picture file after processing; or directly paste the graph line into the document of Word, PowerPoint, Authorware and other software.Each circuit simulation software has different processing capabilities for waveform graph lines. But generally there are the following data processing functions:(1) Waveform measurement: displayed as different types of coordinate scales (linear, logarithmic, amplitude, decibel, etc.); measure the effective value, root mean square value, peak-to-peak value, average value, maximum value, minimum value, cycle, etc. of the graph .(2) Graph line calculation: Add, subtract, multiply, divide, differentiate, integrate and other operations on the graph line. Or use the graph variable as the independent variable of the mathematical function to obtain a new mathematical variable.(3) Modification of graph lines: Make graph lines more beautiful and easier to understand. You can change the thickness, color, style and mark of the graph line; add measurement data point marks and data labels; change the background color of the graph line, the style and color of the coordinates, etc. Some software allows the input of descriptive text in the graph line screen, even Chinese text.4. Virtual instrument and educational functionVisualized virtual instruments are a feature of circuit simulation software. The most typical example is Multisim, the virtual instrument of this software has reached the highest level of similar software no matter the appearance of the interface or the internal function. Other software with virtual instruments include TINA and EDISON.Virtual instruments can help learners understand the functions of electronic instruments, and deeply understand the methods and technical essentials of electronic measurement. Master various operation methods of electronic instruments, especially the functions of various control buttons and knobs. The functions of Multisim and TINA virtual instruments have actually surpassed PSPICE itself, and the typical ones are network analyzers and logic analyzers. Network analyzer is a special instrument for analyzing RF components and RF network parameters; while Multisim's logic analyzer has real digital circuit analysis capabilities and meets the technical requirements of actual digital system analysis. Some software also has virtual electromechanical components, such as light bulbs, buttons, relays, contactors and other electrical components, which can be used to construct electromechanical control circuits. Mathematical and analog control devices in the software component library can be used to analyze automatic control principles.In order to meet the needs of educational units for the teaching of circuit principles, some software has an educational function. It mainly allows users to set some hidden errors on components, so as to improve the ability of training students to analyze and solve problems. For example, Mulisim and TINA can set three parameters of open circuit, short circuit and leakage resistance for components; while CircuitMaker, another circuit simulation product of Altium Company, can do more teaching settings for components and circuits, and can add passwords to prevent users from Modify component properties.3. How to choose circuit simulation software?In the production design of electronic engineering or the professional teaching of electronics, there may be different requirements for circuit simulation software, which should be considered from two aspects: software function characteristics and actual work needs.1. Consider the needs of production and teaching for circuit simulation software.First of all, the actual production capacity of the software must be considered. What kind of work can be done with this software? Can the model library of the software meet the design needs; what circuit simulation functions does the software have; what output formats the circuit diagram has, whether it is compatible with the company's existing PCB design software; the price of the software and what after-sales services are provided, etc. If the unit's products are more complicated, it is necessary to consider a comprehensive solution from circuit design, analysis, optimization, system simulation, and even electromechanical system design.2. Evaluate the performance of circuit simulation softwareThe software products of various companies have different sales orientations, and the functions, scalability and prices of circuit simulation software vary greatly.There are different versions of the same software to suit different business needs with different functions and prices. Ordinary teaching units only need to learn the relevant principles of circuit simulation, and do not have to insist on high performance of the software. Using the student version or educational version of the software can fully meet the needs of daily teaching. As an electronic manufacturer, it is necessary to use the enterprise version or enhanced version of the software, and also consider a series of issues such as product design, production and management, and also have certain requirements for software maintenance and technical support. Therefore, products from large companies should be used as much as possible. Such as ICAP/4, Orcad, etc.; if you have higher comprehensive requirements for circuit design and simulation, you can consider Saber from American Synopsys. Saber is applicable to a wide range of fields, including electronics, power electronics, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, electro-optics, optics, control systems, and data sampling systems, etc.3. Select the applicable software according to the teaching needsIn teaching, circuit simulation software is required to clearly display circuit diagrams, signal diagrams and various circuit data. Among all circuit simulation software, Multisim has the most complete simulation components, simulation analysis types and virtual instruments, and is an ideal simulation tool for circuit teaching in schools at all levels. The disadvantage of Multisim is that the circuit diagram screen can only be enlarged to 200%, and the circuit lines are relatively thin, which is not very clear when projected on a large screen. The circuit simulation software that is more suitable for vocational technical schools is TINA 6.0 Simplified Chinese version. Not only the menus and dialog boxes of this software are in Simplified Chinese, but all the help is also written in Chinese, which is easier for students to understand and accept. The display quality of Altium's circuit diagram and simulation diagram interface is relatively good, which is suitable for teachers to use in teaching slide presentations and making illustrations in various documents. Altium is also well suited for teaching printed circuit board design. The advantage of ICAP/4 is that the simulated circuit waveform can be inserted into the circuit diagram, that is, the waveform at any point in the circuit can be displayed. Orcad's Pspice displays the simulated node voltage, branch current, and component power consumption data in the circuit, which is very intuitive; MicroCAP has the most powerful parameter scanning function, and can set up to 20 parameters for scanning analysis. If you are a beginner in electronics, you can use the circuit simulation software Edison with a 3D interface. The software interface is vivid and intuitive, which is quite close to the real image, which is helpful for understanding and understanding the circuit.4. Dedicated circuit simulation softwareIn addition to the usual circuit simulation software, there are also some software specially designed for a certain type of design application, such as: Intusoft's power supply simulation design software PowerSupply Designer and magnetic components (design analysis transformers and inductors) design software MagneticsDesigner; Finland APLAC company The software APLAC for RF circuit design and simulation; and the series products of American Ansoft Company, etc. Many semiconductor device manufacturers have also developed special circuit design and simulation software in order to promote their products. Such as Altera's programmable logic device design software Max+PlusI I; TI's switching power supply special design software SWIFT Designer; Linear's circuit simulation and switching power supply design software SwicherCAD, etc.SummarizeFinally, it should be noted that the development direction of circuit simulation software is no longer limited to the scope of electronics. While enhancing the simulation ability of digital-analog mixed signals, circuit simulation technology is expanding to the fields of power electronics, electro-optics, and even electrical engineering, electromechanical engineering, etc., bringing more convenience to engineering practice and teaching. Circuit simulation technology has a powerful circuit analysis function, basically including all items of electronic test analysis. The number of electronic simulation components, circuit analysis functions and data processing capabilities provided by circuit simulation software from different manufacturers are quite different. The appropriate circuit simulation software should be selected according to the needs of engineering design and professional teaching.The above are the characteristics and selection suggestions of the circuit simulation software introduced by Shenzhen Zuchuang Microelectronics Co., Ltd. for you. If you have software and hardware function development needs for smart electronic products, you can rest assured to entrust them to us. We have rich experience in customized development of electronic products, and can evaluate the development cycle and IC price as soon as possible, and can also calculate PCBA quotations. We are a number of chip agents at home and abroad, including MCU, voice IC, Bluetooth IC and modules, wifi modules. We have hardware design and software development capabilities. Covering circuit design, PCB design, single-chip microcomputer development, software custom development, APP custom development, WeChat official account development, voice recognition technology, Bluetooth wifi development, etc. It can also undertake the research and development of smart electronic products, the design of household appliances, the development of beauty equipment, the development of Internet of Things applications, the design of smart home solutions, the development of TWS solutions, the development of Bluetooth audio, the development of children's toys, and the development of electronic education products.

Home Prev ···1 2 3 4 Next Last

TOP